Sains Malaysiana 52(12)(2023): 3485-3495

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5212-11

Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Properties of Piper betle Combined with Selected Root Canal Sealers

(Sifat Sitotoksik dan Antibakteria Piper betle Digabungkan dengan Pengedap Saluran Akar Terpilih)

CHEN WEI QI, HUWAINA ABD GHANI* & SUHARNI MOHAMAD

School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 7 September 2023/Diterima: 8 Disember 2023

Abstract

Exploration in endodontic material had been made to maximise the elimination of microorganisms in root canal system to improve the treatment success rate. Inappropriate use of antibiotics can cause antibiotic resistance hence alternative is needed. Piper betle (PB), a medicinal herb to be used for its effective antibacterial properties against Enterococcus faecalis. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the cytotoxicity and antibacterial effects of ethanolic extract of PB in combination with AH Plus (AH) and BioRoot RCS (BR) and sealers alone. Four tested materials were used: AH Plus (AH); PB and AH plus (PBAH); BioRoot RCS (BR); and PB and BioRoot RCS (PBBR). At 24, 48, and 72 h, MTT assay on HPdLF was performed to measure the cytotoxicity. Antibacterial effect was evaluated with modified direct contact test (MDCT) against E. faecalis at fresh, day1-set and day-7-set state of tested materials. Data were analysed with SPSS version 25 with Tukey’s post-test at the level of significance of p = 0.05. PBAH showed significant lower cytotoxicity than AH (p = 0.028) at 48 h, with a higher percentage of cell viability compared AH (26.35%). PB reduce antibacterial effect of BR at all times at significant level (p = 0.000, 0.014, 0.032). Conclusion, PBAH has significant reduced cytotoxicity as compared to AH on HPdLF at 48 h. PBBR was cytotoxic to HPdLF at 24 and 48 h. Both AH and PBAH exhibited antibacterial property against E. faecalis, followed by BR and PBBR. In conclusion, PBAH is a potential enhanced root canal sealer and may be further studied to fully elicit its profound properties.

Keywords: AH Plus; Bioroot RCS; natural product

Abstrak

Penerokaan dalam bahan endodontik telah dilakukan untuk memaksimumkan penyingkiran mikroorganisma dalam sistem saluran akar bagi meningkatkan kadar kejayaan rawatan. Penggunaan antibiotik secara tidak wajar boleh menyebabkan rintangan ketahanan terhadap antibiotik. Oleh itu, penggantian diperlukan. Piper betle (PB) ialah herba perubatan yang digunakan kerana keberkesanan sifat antibakterianya terhadap Enterococcus faecalis. Oleh itu, penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kesan sitotoksik dan antibakteria ekstrak etanol PB dalam gabungan dengan AH Plus (AH) dan BioRoot RCS (BR) serta pengedap AH dan BR sahaja. Empat bahan yang diuji adalah; AH Plus (AH); PB dan AH plus (PBAH); BioRoot RCS (BR); serta PB dan BioRoot RCS (PBBR). Asai MTT ke atas HPdLF dijalankan untuk mengukur kesitoksikan pada 24, 48 dan 72 jam. Kesan antibakteria dinilai dengan ujian sentuhan langsung diubah suai (MDCT) terhadap E. faecalis pada keadaan bahan yang diuji yang segar, set pada hari pertama dan set pada hari ketujuh. Data dianalisis menggunakan SPSS versi 25 dengan ujian pasca Tukey pada taraf keertian P = 0.05. PBAH menunjukkan sitotoksik yang lebih rendah secara signifikan berbanding AH (P = 0.028) pada 48 jam dengan peratusan kelangsungan sel yang lebih tinggi berbanding dengan AH (26.35%). PB mengurangkan kesan antibakteria BR pada semua masa pada tahap kepentingan yang signifikan (P = 0.000, 0.014, 0.032). Kesimpulannya, PBAH mempunyai pengurangan kesitoksikan secara signifikan berbanding dengan AH terhadap HPdLF selepas 48 jam. PBBR menunjukkan kesan sitotoksik kepada HPdLF pada 24 dan 48 jam. Kedua-dua AH atau PBAH menunjukkan sifat antibakteria terhadap E. faecalis, diikuti oleh BP dan PBBR. Kesimpulannya, PBAH adalah pengedap kanal akar yang berpotensi ditingkatkan dan boleh dikaji lebih lanjut untuk mengenal pasti sepenuhnya sifatnya yang mendalam.

Kata kunci: AH plus; Bioroot RCS; produk semula jadi

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: huwaina@usm.my